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Dementia and Cognitive Disorders

Dementia is a progressive condition affecting memory, thinking, language, judgement, personality, behaviour, and day-to-day functioning. It is not simply “normal ageing,” although the risk increases significantly with age. More than 55 million people worldwide are living with dementia, and numbers are expected to rise substantially as populations age.

Family and carers are central to care planning, risk management, medication support, emotional reassurance, and maintaining dignity and independence.

Urgent assessment is needed where there is sudden confusion, rapid deterioration, hallucinations, severe agitation, risk of harm, suspected delirium, neglect, or carer breakdown.

Common Symptoms

  • Short-term memory loss
  • Repeating questions
  • Confusion about time or place
  • Word-finding difficulties
  • Poor judgement
  • Personality or behavioural change
  • Suspicion, agitation, or distress
  • Wandering
  • Sleep disturbance
  • Reduced ability to manage medication, finances, or personal care
  • Self-neglect

Management and Care

Management is usually multimodal and may include:

  • Specialist memory/ cognitive assessment
  • Physical health/ medication review
  • Brain imaging where appropriate
  • Dementia medication in selected cases
  • Psychological interventions
  • Carer education
  • Social care planning
  • Occupational therapy assessment
  • Safeguarding support

Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

According to the international classification systems (e.g., ICD-11, DSM-V),
the following psychoactive substances are currently recognized as being in use

  • Alcohol
  • Cannabis
  • Sedatives (Benzodiazepines)
  • Cocaine
  • Amphetamine
  • Opioids
  • Psychedelics
  • Inhalants
  • Tobacco

Treatment and Clinical Care

Comprehensive, integrated, and proven treatment services are offered within a safe framework of consultation, prescribing, and counselling, including a whole-person approach to recovery, building personalized and holistic treatment schedules that address each person’s unique concerns. Combining modern therapeutic practices with proven treatments, meaningful and lasting results are consistently delivered, addressing the physical, emotional, and psychological aspects of addiction.
Choosing the right treatment option depends on individual circumstances, including the severity of addiction, personal responsibilities, and financial considerations.
Outpatient Services include counselling, support groups, and medication-assisted treatment. These services allow individuals to maintain their daily responsibilities while receiving support for their substance misuse issues.
For those requiring more intense support, structured programs in a residential setting, providing a focused environment for recovery, is arranged. The interventions include:

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